Essay about Technology Integration in Schools - 1012 Words

The following paper will summarize the book reviews suggested for this class. Through this paper two questions will be answered. Do you see an immediate opportunity for technology integration into these school settings? What may be some barriers to integration? These questions will be answered after all book reviews have been read and analyzed. The following paragraphs will go into depth over these two questions. The first book review was completed by Theresa Richardson, Department of Educational Studies, at Ball State University. Richardson reviewed the book Revolution of the Margins: The Impact of Competition on Urban School Systems by Frederick M. Hess. This book looked at the differences between two public voucher programs and a†¦show more content†¦Although technology is a large part of our educational system today, some individuals in the private school system may not be as open to introducing new technology to the school. The phrase, if it isnt broke dont fix it, come s to mind. Schools may be slow to implement technology if they know there is a chance that the constituencies may refuse to fund the school if the curriculum or style of teaching, in the classroom, changes. The next review was completed by Marilynn M. Quick, about the book Against School Reform (And in Praise of Great Teaching): Getting Beyond Endless Testing, Regimentation, and Reform in Our Schools. In this article Temes focuses on the three dos of keeping great teachers in their positions. The first do that is explained by Quick is, emphasizing the individual. Quick stated that, â€Å"although schools can be improved, they are doing better than they did in the past† (Temes, 2002). Temes was pushing for focus on great teachers and not necessarily improving the entire school or district. The next do is, keep it real, meaning great teachers focus on relating to their students by using honesty and showing them that you care. The last do was, make it new, which involved class room experimentation. This is where technology could be implemented best. Great teachers will focus on new ways to engage their students, and technology is one way that this can beShow MoreRelatedShould Schools Be Resistant? Technology Integration?1340 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to Collins and Halverson (2009), schools can be resistant to technology integration, because it is inclined to intterupt traditional classroom practices. The teaching profession is known for its traditional procedures and practices. At the height of the technology boom, the majority of classroom teachers originated from a very different generation. According to National Commission on Teaching and America’s Future (2011), over half of today’s teachers are â€Å"baby boomers†, 50 years of ageRead MoreIntegration of Modern Technology in Schools Essay1699 Words   |  7 PagesA type of modern technology should be provided to the students in the classrooms at school. The next few par agraphs will explain how modern technology, such as iPads and Mac computers, can help students in classrooms learn at their own pace and be able to keep better track of notes or assignments. It will explain how modern technology can help improve students’ scores on tests, mid-terms, and finals. In addition, it will explain why using LoudCloud systems into the curriculum is a high-quality choiceRead MoreComputer Integration Using The Iste s Essential Conditions For Successful Technology Integration809 Words   |  4 PagesIn my ITEC 7410 Technology Leadership Vision course, I created a Current Reality Report/SWOT Analysis. This report assesses the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats that my school currently faces regarding technology integration using the ISTE’s Essential Conditions for successful technology integration. As a result of completing this artifact, I believe that our three main areas of focus should be on increasing parental involvement, the number of proficient digital tools availableRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography Of A Computer Lab1010 Words   |  5 PagesMasuma Hossain Observe the use of technology in your school and answer the questions below. 1. Does the school have a computer lab? If so, which grades use it and how often do they use it? From my observation, P.S. 152 has a computer lab with 35 computers. The media library has 5 computers and 15 laptops. The school also has 8 laptop carts (Apple) filled with 15-20 laptops. All grades use both lab and library plus have access to laptops. The whole school grades K-5th (except Pre-K) use theRead MoreChromebook Research Paper1330 Words   |  6 PagesExample Topic The Paradise Valley Unified School District uses Chromebooks throughout all its schools K-12. The IT department has recently created Google Classrooms for all the teachers in the district to help with creating a more 21st century learning environment for students. However, the district is lacking in professional development around technology integration. This training TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION OF GOOGLE CLASSROOM FOR EDUCATORS 8 will focus on using the most effectiveRead MoreImportance Of Technology : Technology Integration1187 Words   |  5 PagesImportance of Technology Integration It is supposed that educator incorporation of technology into workrooms for high-level learning will lead to enlarged scholar learning. Technology of higher-level use will improve every feature of scholars’ learning skills across curricular areas, so children will grow intelligently rather than develop lonely technology skills. Among 1999 and 2003, the US Department of Education’s â€Å"Preparing Tomorrow’s Teachers to Custom Technology† (PT3) financed over $750 millionRead MoreThe Impact Of Technology On Education And Revealed Reactions1666 Words   |  7 Pagesdetect the impact of technology on education and revealed reactions for both students and teachers of using technology in classroom. These researches has given us three results: 1) Some research has shown a dramatic difference between the schools in the past and now. 2) What Is Successful Technology Integration? 3) However, some of researches indicate to several difficulties and disadvantages that associated with using technology. What Is Successful Technology Integration? The education in theRead MoreThe Impact Of Technology On Education And Revealed Reactions1668 Words   |  7 Pagesdetect the impact of technology on education and revealed reactions for both students and teachers of using technology in classroom. These researches has given us three results: 1) Some research has shown a dramatic difference between the schools in the past and now. 2) What Is Successful Technology Integration? 3) However, some of researches indicate to several difficulties and disadvantages that associated with using technology. What Is Successful Technology Integration? The education in theRead MoreThe Belief And Attitude Toward New Technology978 Words   |  4 PagesIndividual difference among teachers 3.1 Belief and attitude toward new technology Previous research demonstrates that a teacher’s teaching philosophy, attitude toward new technology and teaching style will affect the effectiveness of technology integration in education (Demetriadis et al., 2003). Among potential influential factors, teachers’ attitude is one of the critical variables discriminating the successful technology integration and the unsuccessful one. With same teaching level, teachers holdingRead MoreEssay on My Technology Integration Vision922 Words   |  4 PagesThe coursework I have completed through the Distance Educational Technology Masters Program at the University of Alaska Southeast (UAS), has immersed me in educational technology research supported by collegial discussions. Through the supervised field-based activities from the UAS program and my ongoing professional activities, I have developed a shared vision for the comprehensive integration of technology. Technology integration has been my priority focus academically and pr ofessionally. As I

Analysis Of The Book The Bible - 1130 Words

Since the entrance of sin into the world, a war has been raging in every human heart between the spirit and the flesh. Every person desiring to serve God feels the battle between these two opposing masters. And Satan is always exploiting our physical and emotional desires to sever our relationship with the Lord. Your iniquities have separated you from your God. Isaiah 59:2 .... The Bible begins with the serpent tempting Adam and Eve and follows with the world s deterioration. The New Testament begins with Satan tempting Jesus and follows with the world s salvation. When humanity fell after that first temptation in the garden, it lost the pure loving motives with which it had been originally created. Selfishness took its place, and the result has been slow coming and devastating: death, disease, war, crime, pain-the list goes on. God has called us to holiness. But as he which hath called you is holy, so be ye holy in all manner of conversation; Because it is written, Be ye holy; for I am holy (1 Peter 1:15, 16). But without supernatural aid, men and women are powerless to resist the evil desires and motives of the carnal heart. Yet God will never ask us to do anything that we are incapable of doing without His help. God will not abandon us , his creation...l.He made complete and final provision for its restoration.... The purpose of His plan of salvation is to restore within you and me the image of Christ, so that we might be called the sons of God. AccordingShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Book The Bible 1631 Words   |  7 PagesOne of my favorite stories in the bible is about Paul and Silas and how they were able to overcome. They had a mind to be triumphant. In a dark, dismal, and hopeless situation, Paul and Silas began to sing. I’m sure that they weren’t singing any of the classic or mainstream RB, Country or Pop songs. Don’t get me wrong, those songs are nice. But when you are going through, you need to sing something that is going to strengthen your faith. You need to pull out that good ol Thomas Dorsey, â€Å"LikeRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Revelation Of The Bible 1204 Words   |  5 Pagesknow is the Book of Revelation in the Bible. This book has helped shape modern Christianity. At the beginning of the Book of Revelation the author devotes two chapters as a means to address seven Churches of the Asia Minor. There is some doubt into how the letters to the seven churches fits into the Book of Revelation and why they are not their own separate entities. Through careful analysis one will gain a strong insight into the message that these letters contribute to the overall Book of RevelationsRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Holy Bible 846 Words   |  4 PagesThere are twelve historical books in the Holy Bible. They include Joshua, Judges, Ruth, 1st and 2nd Samuel, 1st and 2nd Kings, 1st and 2nd Chronicles, Ezra, Nehemiah, and Esther. They tell the story of Israel from the moment they were set free from slavery till when they had their own nation in the land of Canaan. There are different great lessons that these books teach us about God and some of them are going to be discussed here below. The book of Joshua starts with the appointment of Joshua asRead MoreAnalysis of Book Titles in the Poisonwood Bible Essay1313 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysisPart II: Analysis of Book Titles Genesis Just like the first book in the Bible, the first book of The Poisonwood Bible is named Genesis. As well as the beginning, Genesis can also mean rebirth. When characters arrive in the Congo they realize the things they brought with them are changed by Africa and can no longer be as they once were. In this way, Genesis symbolizes the process of becoming their new selves. For instance, the first chapter in The Poisonwood Bible, narrated by OrleannaRead MoreThe Analysis On Ephesians Prefacing The Book The Bible Essay1570 Words   |  7 PagesIn the ESV study bible, the authors wrote an excerpt on Ephesians prefacing the author, title, date, background information, and a description of the ancient city of Ephesus. Relating to the author of Ephesians all scholars believed that Paul wrote the letter, until recent times where many scholars propose that an imitator or a follower of Paul wrote the letter. The scholars give two reasons for this theory, the first is the letter’s style does not represent Pauline thought, and the second beingRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Job Of The Hebrew Bible Essay2049 Words   |  9 PagesThe book of Job in the Hebrew Bible contains both poetry and prose features in one whole personal account that proposes a universal problem: Why does God allow the good to suffer? Secondary to this universal problem, the underlying question, implicitly stated by Job in a fit of agony, â€Å"You will seek me, and I shall be gone.† (Job, p.200, line 47). More explicitly put, there is an unbridled, significant and dependent relationship between God and the mankind he created to roam the earth. The book ofRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Job From The Hebrew Bible 1017 Words   |  5 PagesJob’s Character The book of Job from the Hebrew Bible is thought to be written by Job himself. The book is an example of faithfulness as Job loses everything important to him and through it all remains faithful to God. The books purpose is to illustrate God’s sovereignty and faithfulness during a time of great suffering. The writings of Job indicate that the true power of the devil is not what it appears to be and God is always in control. It solidifies that there is nothing that happens withoutRead More Textual Analysis of Epic of Gilgamesh and Book of Genesis of the Holy Bible1056 Words   |  5 PagesA Textual Analysis of Genesis and the Epic of Gilgamesh The stories of the floods found in both Gilgamesh and Genesis contain many striking similarities that are inevitably beyond mere coincidence. One could surmise that both of these stories might have a basis in common historical occurrence. However, despite the fact that both of these works discuss a common topic, the portrayal of this event is quite different. Like identical twins raised in different cultures, the expressions ofRead MoreBible Studies: Analysis of Pauls Prison Epistle Books794 Words   |  3 PagesIntroduction Colossians, Ephesians, Philippians and Philemon are prison epistle books that Paul wrote during his time when he was imprisoned in Rome. Lord brought Paul in a city called Rome to go and do the mission strategy which was given to the disciples by Jesus just before he ascended into heaven. Pauls task was to complete the mission of making the gospel to come to all corners of the world. Lord told him to take courage since he had testified many things about him in Jerusalem therefore heRead MoreThe Most Influential Text is the Bible1558 Words   |  6 Pages The Bible is widely regarded as perhaps the most influential text in the record of human history. Both Judaism and Christianity hold the Bible in high spiritual regard, due to its function as the basis for these two respective religions. The Bible serves as a single divine anthology, comprised of a series of books that have been meticulously composed by hundreds of authors over hundreds of years (Armstrong, 2007). Over the course of human history, the stories, lessons, and parables found within

Correlation Between Stock Market Returns, Inflation, And...

Abstract There is a significant correlation between stock market returns, inflation, and money growth. The effects of macroeconomic variable on equity returns are nonlinear and time variant. This characteristic makes the study of these effects difficult. I estimate a GARCH model of monthly returns of SP500, where realized returns and their volatility depend on 11 macro announcements. The purpose of this paper is to see which macroeconomic factors affect aggregate stock returns most during 2008 financial crisis. Also, the effects of these factors before and after the crisis are compared. I find out †¦ Introduction Investigating firm’s key statistics such as sales, ROIC, and free cash flow may not be enough to evaluate the company’s performance and future. â€Å"Macroeconomic indicators seem like excellent candidates as proxies of latent economic state variables because they influence both changes in firms’ cash flows and the risk-adjusted discount rate† (Gosnell Nejadmalayeri, 2010). In fact, various economic indicators can strongly impact equity returns. However, it has been always difficult to establish this effect. Indeed, Chen, Roll, and Ross (1986) assessment of asset pricing is relevant today: â€Å"A rather embarrassing gap exists between the theoretically exclusive importance of systematic state variables and our complete ignorance of their identity. The comovements of asset prices suggest the presence of underlying exogenous influences, but we have not yet determinedShow MoreRelatedThe Determinant Factors Of Equity Return1513 Words   |  7 PagesThe det erminant factors of equity return in Indonesia Background Studies about determinant factors of equity return in each country is useful for global portfolio managers and global economic policy makers. Investors, in making profit, need to consider some risky aspects, to make speculation easier to be known, before investing in financial instruments in any country (Chandran et al. 2011, p.1). On the other hand, the government needs to attract capital inflow to support some development investmentsRead MoreInvestment Analysis Portfolio Management1583 Words   |  7 PagesFaculty School of Business North South University Dhaka Subject: Letter of transmittal Dear Mr. Saif Rahman Here is the term paper on investment analysis portfolio management from 31st may to 1st august. Now you will see that we have collected stock information and calculate relative things to evaluate our performance. We think that if anybody want to invest in the DSE , this term paper can help them to make decision whether or not they will invest or not and what strategy should they follow.Read MoreThe Battle for Capital of US Equities and Bond Yields1722 Words   |  7 Pagesknown as â€Å"Gibson’s Paradox.† Gibson’s Paradox originally referred to the positive relationship between interest rates and the general price level outlined by Alfred Gibson in The Banker magazine (1923). Gibson’s findings ran counter to the general prevailing views amongst economists, with the notable exception of John Maynard Keynes. Subsequent empirical work by Keynes showed no relationship between the level of interest rates and the rate of change in prices. The concept of Gibson’s Paradox hasRead MoreRelationship Between Gold, Oil and Us Stock Market1600 Words   |  7 Pagesempirical project I will try to explain the relationship between the oil prices, gold prices and stock market in the United State using yearly time series data. Since the gold and oil prices are raising their influence on stock market is also increasing and we will see how fluctuations in oil prices and gold prices impact the stock market in the United States. So here oil prices and gold prices will be our explanato ry variable and stock market index will be our explained variable. In this study weRead MoreQuestions On Arbitrage Pricing Theory1493 Words   |  6 Pagesability to explain security returns.† Arbitrage Pricing Theory 1. Introduction †¢ Brief background on the subject from the literature Ever since Ross (1976) proposed the arbitrage pricing theory (APT) as an alternative to the capital pricing model, many economists and investors have applied APT across different markets. Whereas the traditional capital pricing model explained asset returns with one parameter beta, sensitivity to the market return, APT decompose the return with multiple number of factorsRead MoreRisk And Return Analysis : Notes1158 Words   |  5 PagesRisk and Return Analysis Paige Riggs University of Phoenix Introduction There are various different financial products that one may choose to invest. Each financial product has its special features. Some of the investments have low risks and thus the return is also low. Others have high risks but offer you high potential returns. Returns are the gains or losses from security in a particular period and are usually quoted as a percentage (Carpenter, 2009). The kind of returns investorsRead MoreWhat Is Risk Parity?1921 Words   |  8 PagesWhat is risk parity? The biggest challenge investors face today is a low return environment. The returns on assets are low and the risks are high. In a traditional 60/40 portfolio almost all of the risk comes from equities. Equity risk accounts for 90% of the risk of the portfolio, which is significantly higher than its 60% weight. This creates a problem because volatility in the portfolio is now almost entirely dependent on what happens in equities, making the portfolio much less diverse than investorsRead MoreRelationship Between Risk And Rate Of Return Performance1416 Words   |  6 PagesThe relationship between risk and rate of return performance. The investors increase their required rates of return as the stocks increases. The security market line increases through the capital market. Some investors have all investments are risky preferences; some individuals will consider low-risk and high-risk investments. â€Å"Most of them only know how to invest long-term for growth because most of their financial advisors have only trained on how to develop assets or gather assets but haven’tRead MoreStatistical Analysis of 5 Microeconomics Variables4972 Words   |  20 Pagesrelationship between stock price movements and variations in macroeconomic aggregates. The paper examines the role of macroeconomic variables on Dhaka Stock Exchange (DSE) stock returns movement in Bangladesh. In this paper, the analysis is conducted by using monthly data for the period span from January 2009 to December 2012. All data are collected from Dhaka Stock Exchange, Internet. Five macroeconomic variables have been selected to assess the influence on stock return of Dhaka Stock Exchange. TheseRead MoreManaging Investment Growth Of A Diversified Portfolio1499 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Æ' Managing Investment Growth In order to maximize a portfolio’s return, it is important to analyze risk and diversify securities, while adhering to the goals of an investor. Through analyzing the different classes of risk, one can match investments to an investor’s risk tolerance and return requirements. Even though some investments may present greater risk they are countered by a higher rate of return and vice versa, less risk corresponds to a lower return. Moreover, investment risk can be substantially

Alumni associations free essay sample

Factors such as geographical location and family school history tend to usually play a role in a certain school that a student favors. Another key factor is what programs that each school offers. If a university does not offer a certain degree program that the student wants to major in, then the student will more than likely not consider that university as an option. Once a student picks a university to attend for their college career, they invest many resources into that school. Two Of the main resources are time and money.Once a student earns a degree from their university, they are then officially considered alumni of that university. The technical definition of an alumnus s a person who has attended or has graduated from a particular school, college, or university (Merriam-Webster. Com, 2013). Once a person is considered alumni of a university, they then have the option to be a part of that universities alumni association. An alumni association is an association that consists of graduates and former students of a particular university.There is not just one alumni association per school or university, there are also alumni associations that are formed for different departments of a university such as academics, athletics, or recreational sports. Once a former graduate or student is a part of an alumni association, there are many different activities that they can do. For the most part, members of alumni associations often organize social events, publish newsletters and magazines, and raise funds for the organization in order to put on special events that benefit their school.An example of one type of alumni association right here in Lafayette, Louisiana is the Raging Cajun Athletics Foundation (RCA). There are members on the board of the RCA that direct, manage, and maintain what the RCA is most now for, donation funds that support Raging Cajun athletics. Members of this association are people who are alumni of The university of Louisiana at Lafayette and love Raging Cajun athletics.Contributions to the Raging Cajuns Athletics Foundation (RCA) provide annual financial support for the 16 intercollegiate sports of The University of Louisiana at Lafayette and play a direct role in allowing them to compete at the highest level of NCAA Division competition (RCA-Louisiana. Deed, 2013). Also right here in Lafayette, Louisiana is the LU Lafayette Alumni Association. Just like other alumni associations, the LU Lafayette Alumni Association members consist of former graduates and those who attended the university for at least one semester.This alumni association has many different tasks that they look to fulfill each and every day. Some of those tasks include promoting LU Lafayette commitment to being both accessible and academically excellent, promote and preserve the traditions of the University and the unique culture of our area, and promote LU Lafayette status as a Doctoral II Research University and its commitment o undergraduate education with emphasis on the quality fetching and sensitivity to diversity in the curriculum (illustration. Org, 2013).Both of these associations are great to be a part of for they both contribute to the well being of the community and The university of Louisiana at Lafayette. As one can see, those are two different types of alumni asso ciations with different goals and objectives for different parts of a university within the same university. Lets say that a particular university does not currently have an alumni association and someone would like to start one, it is not hard, here are just a few steps that they should follow in order to get things started.First off, the people interested in starting the association must have a group of people with enthusiasm and willingness to take on organizational initiative and sustain it. There will also need to be others that are Willing to join and spread the word of the association. It must be known that there are two types Of alumni associations, formal and informal. Formal alumni associations are those that include officers, newsletters, objectives, subscriptions or memberships, and possibly even a constitution.Informal alumni associations are those that just designate one person to be the main contact person of the association. The first step in getting started is getting a group of known local alumnis together and exchange information. Once that relationship is established, the leader of the association should obtain an up to date list of graduates and former students with their most recent mailing addresses and phone numbers in order to get in contact with them much easier. Once you begin to contact people, whether it is by phone or mail, erectly ask them if they would like to be involved with the association.Once there is a decent amount of people that have committed to the association, it is time to move forward with setting goals, objectives, and activities. Leaders need to find out what the association needs in order to fully operate and be successful. Once that has been decided, be sure to set short and long term goals so that there is always something to work towards to make the association even more successful (API. Inning. Com, 2013). Next, a meeting will need to be held with current and new members to talk about what can be one for activities, fund raising, future meeting dates, and to orient all new members into the association.An easy way for alumni associations to make a little bit of money to get started is by charging for memberships. If people really want to better their alma mater, they will be willing to pay a reasonable price to be a part of the alumni association. These are some of the basic steps that one should take in order to start up a brand new alumni association at any university or school. As anyone can see, an alumni association does not really have any insides, they provide people with tools to help their communities grow and prosper.

Leibnizs theory of truth

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz was one of the most celebrated thinkers and philosophers in Western thought in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. His work included studies and concepts in mathematics, ethics, theology, physics and most importantly-logic. His theories on the conceptions of truth and reason remain key pillars on theoretical studies to this day.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Leibniz’s theory of truth specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Since time immemorial, human beings have always been interested in knowing the conceptions behind human knowledge, intelligence, reality and truth. Plato himself was very concerned about the nature of these qualities in his study of logic (or analytics). However, the containment theory of truth by Leibniz remains a popular view of the nature of truth. According to Leibniz, truth is a product of two factors- a predicate and a subject. Leibniz theorize s that the truth about an individual’s quality is derived from the concept of the individual itself (Zalta 2). The simple version of the theory is that a predicate is true because of the existence of the subject. This means that any statement can be true since one only needs to relate the two individual aspects that form the predicate and subject. For example, when one makes a statement that ‘ this essay was written by a man, the subject here will be the man and the predicate is the act of writing. For this statement to be true, the writing must have been done by a man according to the speaker. Therefore once predicate and subject are linked, the statement becomes true without any attempt to rationalize it in terms of external correlatives. ‘S’ is ‘P’ is a general summary of the theory of truth; where ‘S’ is the subject and ‘P’ is the predicate. Leibniz (a) states that even for those statements that are not naturally i n the form of ‘S’ is ‘P’ could be restated to align themselves to the theory (226). Dorian gives a very good example, â€Å"Pam is writing this essay at 10:21 a.m. on November 9, 2009. This statement is true because writing this essay at this exact moment is part of the definition of Pam. That is, it is part of my essence as Pam to be writing this paper at this exact point in time. In this sense, writing this paper right now (predicate) is contained in the definition of me (subject)† (3). Leibniz goes further as to state that even for statements that show relationship or interconnection, they can be restated in a manner that shows that they refer to the subject and its inherent qualities.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore in a statement where Peter is older than John, the truth about Peter’s superior age continues to stand regardless of the fact that John exists or does not exist. Dorian finds this to be a ‘strange concept’ since it fails to give credence to the existence of extrinsic factors that could also influence the truth (3). From Leibniz’s theory of truth, various inferences can be drawn as to physical and metaphysical aspects. First, Leibniz (a) states that â€Å"nothing is without reason† (226). This is what is generally regarded as the Principle of Sufficient reason without which Leibniz (b) states that â€Å"the universe would not make any sense, and science and philosophy both would be impossible(66).† The Principle of Sufficient reason augments Leibniz’s theory of truth since if there existed something without a cause then there would be no link between â€Å"S† and â€Å"P† and the theory of truth would come to naught. Therefore Leibniz holds that all things whether physical or metaphysical have a sufficient reason for their existence whether kn own to man or not. Several interesting inferences can then be drawn from Leibniz’s school of thought. First, he seems to be advocating for a deterministic view of the world (Leibniz (c) 23). Since no two finite things can interact to bring cause i.e. since cause in itself is inherent in the subject, the only logical discourse that can be drawn from the theory is that God is the author of all things past, present and future. This means that there is what Dorian terms as ‘pre-established harmony’ in things (4). It thus follows that our view of the world as events happening in ‘real time’ is not a reality since they have already been scripted and are happening parallel to each other. Using the theory of truth, the only logical reason for this is that the mind and the body cannot also relate causally. Since all truths are thus a priori, vacuums and empty spaces do not exist. Additionally, the theory that atoms can exist in a free state is not true due to the indivisibility of matter. Each particle in matter has its own complex world and there is no simplicity in any being. Leibniz’s theory also dismisses the existence of space and states that it is an idea. This statement puts into doubt the existence of geometry and other ‘material-based’ studies. All kinds of materiality are also dismissed and there is infinity in matter. In short, Leibniz’s theory of truth eventually becomes extremely rationalist and shuns all kinds of empirical thought.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Leibniz’s theory of truth specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More What bears most significance in Leibniz’s theory of truth is that the truth is already existent within the subject. Since there is no relation and causality between things, then naturally, it flows that God is the only cause. It means that He not only created the world as an infinite system, he also guides the intelligence and knowledge of the truth. In Leibniz’s (b) own words; â€Å"Now it is obvious that all true predication has some foundation in the nature of things, and when a proposition is not identical, that is to say when the predicate is not expressly included in the subject, it must be virtually included in it. This being so, we can say that the nature of an individual substance or of a complete being is to have a notion so complete that it is sufficient to include, and to allow the deduction of, all the predicates of the subject to which that notion is attributed† (8). The theory of truth and that of sufficient reason represent a one sided view of the nature of the world and the existence of truth and knowledge. Many critics have dismissed Leibniz’s work as being too ‘rationalist’ or too ‘religious’. Other scholars such as Hume have even come up with extremely opposite views instead focusing on the empirical and ig noring the rational (Dorian 7). Another argument has been that the theory of sufficient reason is a result of human imagination and things are actually not connected and where they are, it is random and coincidental. However, all this criticism cannot take away the fact that Leibniz’s work laid the foundation for modern theorists such as Immanuel Kant, whose theories are more widely celebrated. Works Cited Dorian, Pam. On the Nature of Truth: A comparative essay on Leibniz’ containment theory of truth and Hume’s distinction between ‘relations of ideas’ and ‘matters of fact. 11 Aug 2009. Web. www.personal.psu.edu/ped127/blogs/†¦e†¦/PHIL%20202%20PAPER.docx Leibniz, Gofffried (a). New Essays on Human Understanding (Edited and translated by Remnant and Bennett). Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1996. Print.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Leibniz, Gofffried (b). Theodicy (Edited by Farrer, translated by Huggard). London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1951. Print. Leibniz, Gofffried (c). The Correspondence with Clarke (Edited by Alexander). Manchester, Manchester University Press, 1956. Print. Zalta, Edward. (Leibnizian) Theory of Concepts. Logical Analysis and History of Philosophy, 3 (2000): 137-183. Print. This essay on Leibniz’s theory of truth was written and submitted by user Fiona Burris to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Significance of Colonialism Essay Example

The Significance of Colonialism Essay Example The Significance of Colonialism Essay The Significance of Colonialism Essay Essay Topic: Burial Rites Whether it is all consuming character of Prospero, the vainglorious superiority of the Utopians or the savage greed of the first English Virginian colonists; there is a common will exercised in these three literary texts: conquer and take all. It is my aim in this essay to prove how an underlying theme of colonialism is being operated and advocated in these three texts, as a means of the progression and enrichment of a society specifically European and even more specifically white and English. To attempt to discuss the discourse of colonialism in these texts, it is important to locate them in the historical and political climate of the time. During the late 16th and early 17th centuries, England was experiencing a vast array of problems, both internally and externally. The foremost of these were a private-enterprise seaborne war against Spain (James 5), and a litany of potentially subversive Catholics resident within England itself and of course the newly acquired issue of overpopulation. An influential group of English courtiers and councillors, including the Earl of Leicester, Sir Francis Walsingham and Sir Walter Raleigh, (James 5) saw the vision of an expansionist Empire across the sea in the New World as the solution to many of these difficulties. Many plays, pamphlets and images were circulated which accorded with these aspirations. In fact, accounts of the miraculous survival of members of the company of the Sea Adventure, wrecked off Bermuda in 1609, are said to have provided Shakespeare with an immediate source for The Tempest (Tmp) (Brown 48), and there is much evidence to suggest that Shakespeare had America in mind when writing this play as, the spirit, Ariels songs are seen to be based on Algonquian dances and intended Caliban to be representative Indian and Prospero a planter. (Wilson 333). Utopia is said to be inspired by accounts of the communistic way of life observed in some of these new found lands, although it is an imaginary world whose backbone is based upon slavery. Needless to say, Utopia seems to have inspired some of the ideology behind the concept of colonialism during this era, such as this portion from the play Eastwood Ho, which was written by George Chapman, Ben Jonson and John Marston and first performed in London during the summer of 1605. In this fragment, Captain Seagull describes th e wealth of the Virginian Indians: Why, man, all their dripping pans and their chamber pots are pure gold: and all the chains, with which they chain up their streets, are massy gold; all the prisoners they take are fettered in gold; and for rubies and diamonds, they go forth on holidays and gather em by the seashore, to hang on their childrens coats. (James 4) This description bears an uncanny resemblance to the Utopians treatment of gold, written by More almost a century earlier, and proves that Utopia contributed greatly to the adventurous beliefs associated with these new lands across the ocean. they make their chamber pots and close-stools of gold and silverof the same metals they likewise make chains and fetters for their slavesThey find pearls on their coast, and diamonds and carbuncles on their rocks; they do not look after them, but, if they find them by chance, they polish them, and with them they adorn their children (More 25) A Map of Virginia (Virginia) was written by John Smith as a promotional literary piece to encourage new settlers to the Virginia colony, for al is open for labor of a good and wise inhabitant (Smith 80). It is a historical, anthropological and geographical piece of literature which details the people and the commodities of the region and how those commodities may be used and made profitable. Consequently it is evident that a theme of colonialism is deep rooted in these texts, as Tmp and Virginia were written at the epicentre of the expansionist age, and Utopia written at the dawn of this era, when news of these new lands and peoples as just beginning to reach English shores and a dream of an empire was being pondered upon. It is interesting to note that the word colony comes from the Roman colonia which meant farm or settlement, and referred to Romans who settled in other lands but still retained their citizenship (Loomba Colonialism 7). In Tmp, Prospero is ousted from his dukedom of Milan and arrives on the island on which the play is set and sets up his own colonia on the isle, after expropriating it from its previous owner, the poisonous slave (Shakespeare 1.2.319), Caliban. This subjugation of Caliban, is justified by Prospero due to the tyranny of his mother, thy wicked dam (Shakespeare 1.2.320) Sycorax and to his innate savage behaviour, on whose nature / Nuture can never stick (Shakespeare 4.1.188-9). Although when Prospero first arrived on the isle, relations were quite cordial between the two, as Caliban recounts: When thou camst first, / Thou strokst me and made much of me ; wouldst give me / Water with berries int, and teach me how / To name the bigger light and how the less and then I loved thee, / And showed thee all the qualities othisleCursed be that I did so! (Shakespeare 1.2.332-339) Prospero masked his dependence on Caliban for information about the island with displays of physical affectionOnce petted, Caliban now remains penned like a pig, but on a rock barren of all food. Tales of initial native hospitality and sharing of fold and resources were stock-in-trade of English colonisers (Seed 203). Similarly, in Virginia, initial relations were positive, with regards to the relationship between that of John Smith and the Powhatan tribe of Amerindians. When the colonists first arrived in the Cheapeseake Bay area, the people in al parts kindly intreated them (Smith 31/32), and even after some disorder between the two groups, so moved are the Indians by the suffering that the starving colonists are enduring that they even share their corn with them: God the patron of all good indeavours in that desperate extreamity so cha~ged the harts of the Salvages, that they brought such plenty of their fruits, and provision as no man wanted. (Smith 35) After Smith is captured by the Powhatans, he manages to mesmerise them with his knowledge of science and geography, and in doing so is able to trick them into believing that he and his associates are of a superior power to them and come in friendship. This is reminiscent of the way that Prospero once loved and petted Caliban, teaching him how to name the bigger light and how the less burn by day and night. So he had incha~ted those poore soules (being their prisoner) in demonstrating vnto them the roundnesse of the world, the course of the moone and stares, the cause of day and night the largenes of the seas the qualities of our ships, shot and powder, The devision of the world, with the diversity of people, their complexions, customes and conditions. All which he fained to be vnder the command of Captaine Newport, whom he tearmed to them his father. (Smith 16-17 (38)) Prospero and John Smith use their knowledge to gain control over the dominions that they seek to conquer. Prospero has an aide in the spirit Ariel, who can subject the poor Caliban to endure tremendous pain and torments: Thou shalt have cramps,/ Side-stitches that shall pen thy breath up. Urchins/ Shall, for that vast of night that they make thy work, / All excercise on thee. Thou shalt be pinched / As thick as honeycomb, each pinch more stinging / Than bees that made em. (Shakespeare 1.2.325-330)) One of the ways that Prospero marks out Caliban as inferior is by his physical appearance. He is described as a freckled whelp, hag-born-not honoured with a human shape. (Shakespeare 1.2.283-284), and later in Act 2 Trinculo arrives on the island and encountering Caliban, gives a description of his appearance: What have we here-a man or a fish?A strange fish ! Were I in England now, as once I was, and / had but this fish painted, not a holiday-fool there but would give a piece of silver. There would this monster make a man-any strange beast there makes a man. / When they will not give a doit to relieve a lame beggar, they will lay out ten to see a dead Indian. Legged like a man, and his fins like arms! (Shakespeare 2.2.24-34). What Trinculo could possibly be making reference to here is to the possibility that Indians who died in England could have possibly been embalmed, clad in their indigenous attire and put on show for paying audiences, as no records attest to the departure or burial of more than a dozen Amerindians whose presence in England during Shakespeares lifetime is certain (Vaughan 58-59). Calibans subjugation is also justified because he is the spawn of a wicked dam (Shakespeare 1.2.320), the foul witch Sycorax (Shakespeare 1.2.257). There is no doubt that Sycorax was an African woman, as Prospero outlines her banishment from Algiers by the king of Tunis. Sycorax is branded as inferior due to her blackness, her female gender and then finally for the black arts that she practised and did harm with. The magical power that Prospero holds never comes into question for he is a white male and even though his sorcery too is evil and causes harm, he is protected by the colonial hegemony he has establis hed upon the island. Thus Prospero establishes a colonial power which is specifically white and male. He goes to great pains to enroot this belief by reminding the spirit Ariel of the cruel life enforced upon him by the islands old queen: This damned witch Sycorax, / For mischiefs manifold and sorceries terrible / To enter human hearing, from Algiers / Thou knowst was banished-for one thing she did / They would not take her lifeThou, my slave, / As thou reportst thyself, was then her servant,Refusing her grand hests, she did confine theeInto a cloven pine (Shakespeare 1.2.264-277). Prospero sees himself as superior and therefore reasonable in his enslavement of Caliban; because of Calibans assumed physical defects, his lineage from the corrupt witch Sycorax and his uncivilised behaviour. Prospero has confined Caliban on the hard rock (Shakespeare 1.2.343) because of an unsuccessful attempt to rape Miranda, but previous to this act, Prospero and Miranda had attempted to educate and civilise Caliban with disappointing results. Abhorred slave, / Which any print of goodness wilt not take, / Being capable of all ill! I pitied thee, / Took pains to make thee speak, taught thee each hour but wouldst gabble like / A thing most brutish But thy vile race- / Though thou didst learn-had that int which good natures / Could not abide to be with ; therefore wast thou / Deservedly confined into this rock, / Who hadst deserved more than a prison. (Shakespeare 1.2.350-361). Caliban is a failure at learning properly the language that Miranda has gone to such great pains to teach him. Prospero once even once lodged thee/ In mine own cell, till thou didst seek to violate / The honour of my child (Shakespeare 1.2.346-348). Miranda teaches Caliban language with the intention of conscripting him within the project of moral renewal but his wicked deed culminates in him being dispossessed and driven from her presence (Gillies The Figure 194). Calibans fall is reminiscent of Aristotles theory of the natural slave; unable to learn a language succinctly and incapable of bridling his sexual desires, Calibans punishment is a lifetime of servitude and shame. Thus his failure at education and misdemeanour provides Prospero with rationale for the expropriation and enslavement of Caliban. Patriarchal colonial rule is established upon the isle with Prospero as supreme head of state; protecting his pure, virginal daughter (even though she is quite capable of uttering a pr ofanity herself) from the unchecked carnal desires of the deformed Caliban. This preoccupation with preventing sexual connections (or even the threat of such contact) between English women and native men (Seed 211), has proven itself to be an enduring characteristic of many British colonies, where it has often been used the reasoning behind many cruelties and displays of violence (Seed 211). Something that would have resonated with Shakespearean audiences who watched this play were the many images circulating during this time, depicting the Sceptred isle as full and the New World as empty (Seed 205) as English colonists wanted to begin peopling the excess English population into this new territory; a concept which resonates with The Tempest during Calibans speech upon his failed attempt of raping Miranda and therefore unable to realise his dream: Thou didst prevent me-I had peopled else/ This isle with Calibans. (Shakespeare 1.2.348-349) In Virginia, special attention is also paid to the physical appearance and habits of the native Indians. He describes their attire as being assembled in a rude manner and the natives are viewed in subhuman, animalistic terms. In describing the character of the Powhatan tribe, Smith writes: Some are of disposition fearefull, some bold, most cautelous, all SavageThey are soone moved to anger, and so malitious, that they seldom forget an injury (37). (A stark contrast to Smiths description of them as seeming of an honest simple disposition earlier in the text). Smith accuses the Indians of child sacrifice, and of executing a fellow colonist, George Cassen, of a most merciless and cruel method of death (de-jointing a victim, then disembowelling him, finally setting him alight while being bound to a tree throughout the entire ordeal). Although these situations could have possibly occurred, he has evidence to support neither of them. Both accounts are merely hearsay, are hardly objective and obviously entered with the desired effect of swaying the judgment of the reader to thinking of the engrained savage nature of these Indians. There are many other tirades launched against the Indians (despite them saving the colonists from starvation out of compassion) but the cornerstone of his argument for civilising them is their religion, as Smith outlines their Chiefe God they worship is the Diuell. Him they call Oke serve him more of feare then loue. Smith writing this during a period of extreme religious piety in England and the actuality that the majority of the first colonists were God fearing Puritans, highlights the point that Smith was trying to make that these Indians were heathens and to colonise and therefore civilise them was Gods will. And end to the high glory of God, to the erecting of true religion among Infidells, to the overthrow of superstition and idolatrie, to the winning of many thousands of wandering sheepe, vnto Christs foldhave strayed in unknowne paths of Paginisme, Idolatrie and superstition (Smith ?). These new aims that claimed by Smith and his followers are quite different from the aims that Smith acknowledged the Virginia Company had outlined for them as to discover the country, subdue the people, bring them to be tractable, civil and industrious, and teach them trades, that the fruits of their labours might make vs recompence, or plant such colonies of our own that must (Smith ?). The use of religion as a means of suppression advocated by Machiavelli years before hand; he himself having traced the idea back to the foundation of the Roman Empire, when Romuluss successor, Numa Pompilius, finding a very savage people, and wishing to reduce them to civil obedience by the arts of peace, had to recourse to religion as the most necessary and assured support of any civil society (Greenblatt 20). The Virginia colonists aspirations to introduce the Indians to Christianity seem to be very suspicious especially when one considers the occasion when Smith fooled the Indians into thinking he was of a status of a demigod; capable of raising the poor Indian boy from the dead once his brother swore never to steal again. Even though Smith portrayed himself as a staunch Christian and as outlined previously stated that he wanted to bring an end to Paginisme, Idolatrie and Superstition, he exploited the superstitions of the Indians. The Indian king, Powhatan, asked Smith, what will it availe you, to take that perforce, you may quietly have with loue, or to destroy them that provide you food? (Smith). Powhatan was completely aware of the Virginia Companys true intentions, and there was very little Christian compassion and love engrained in them. Like Prospero, once Smith had gotten the information that he needed in order for James Town to prosper, he required a valid reason to force the Indians into submission, for as he said, For we haue a rule to finde beyond your knowledge (Smith). The Utopians, on the other hand, have already mastered the art of subduing and colonising, for although they do not hasten to go into war; when they do, they totally vanquish the enemy. Firstly, they do not use their own men in the war but employ a mercenary army of a neighbouring tribe, the Zapolets, who are a rude, wild and fierce nation, who delight in the woods and rocks, among which they were born and bred up. They are hardened both against heat, cold and labour, and know nothing of the delicacies of life (More 39). Once the Utopians have struck down their enemies and entered into their lands, they never lay their enemies country waste nor burn their corn, and even in their marches they take all possible care that neither horse nor foot may tread it down, for they do not know but that they may have use for it themselves (More 41). The use that they make of these newly conquered lands is to establish somewhat a form of a colony, extracting taxes from the occupied country. When a war is ended, they do not oblige their friends to reimburse their expenses; but they obtain them of the conquered, either in moneyor in lands, out of which a constant revenue is to be paid themThey send some of their own people to receive these revenues, who have orders to live magnificently, and like princes, by which means they consume much of it upon the place; and either bring over the rest to Utopia, or lend it to that nation in which it lies. (More 41). In Utopia, the whole foundation of their civilisation has been founded upon conquest and colonisation. For as their history records: Utopus that conquered it (whose name it still carries, for Abraxa was its first name) brought the rude and uncivilized inhabitants into such a good government, and to that measure of politeness, that they now far excel all the rest of mankind (More 17). The Utopians regard slavery as a normal part of their culture, and similar to Prosperos chastisement of Caliban, use it as the punishment even of the greatest crimes; for as that is no less terrible to the criminals themselves than death, so they think the preserving them in a state of servitude is more for the interest of the commonwealth than killing them; since as their labour is a greater benefit to the public than their death could be, so the sight of their misery is a more lasting terror to other men than that which would be given by their death. If their slaves rebel, and will not bear their yoke and submit to the labour that is enjoined them, they are treated as wild beasts that cannot be kept in order, neither by a prison nor by their chains, and are at last put to death. (More 35). Another sort of slaves are the poor of the neighbouring countries, who offer of their own accord to come and serve them; they treat these better, and use them in all other respects as well as their own countrymen, except their imposing more labour upon them, which is no hard task to those that have been accustomed to it. (More 33). A form of communal living presides in the countryside, people living together in country families, which consist of no fewer than forty men and women in it, besides two slaves (More 17). All of the most menial and unpleasant tasks of Utopian life are performed by these slaves, such as the slaughter and butchering of animals, for they suffer none of their citizens to kill their cattle, because they think that pity and good natureare impaired by the butchering of animals. (More 23). The Utopians regard themselves as morally and intellectually superior to these slaves, but due to their love of education, take it upon themselves to redeem these slaves through knowledge and pestilence.

Plato, Descartes, and Freud's Take on Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Plato, Descartes, and Freud's Take on - Essay Example In an attempt to do just this, a well known philosopher by the name of, Plato, asked the question, â€Å"What is a good life for a human being?† This question carries with it the supposition that all humans have at least two of the same built in devices, reason and human nature. It also implies that these two devices steer people toward the same goal or purpose. It is philosophy that undertakes the study of discovering what this purpose is, by turning people away from mere appearance and toward reality. The ultimate goal of any philosopher is to uncover how the world looks objectively instead of subjectively, and from what truly is good instead of what just appears to be good. By the use of reason three theories have been developed by the world’s most prominent philosophers during their attempt to divide what is reality, and what is merely and illusion of reality. The first theory, The Divided Line Theory, was developed by Plato. The second theory, Method of Doubt, was created by Descartes. The final theory, Psychoanalysis, was developed by Freud. By taking an in-depth look into how each philosopher reasoned his conclusion and the similarities and differences each theory contains, one might develop a broad answer to one of philosophy’s most probing questions. Divided Line Theory To develop his, Divided Line Theory, Plato used the reasoning that human beings live in a world of visible and intelligible things. The visible world is made up of those things that surround humans. What they can feel, tough, taste and see. However, Plato states that the visible world is made up of uncertainty. The intelligible world on the other hand is made up of unchanging products of human reason; this would consist of anything arising from reason alone, such as mathematics, or abstract definitions. The intelligible world therefore is made up of eternal â€Å"forms† or in Greek â€Å"ideas† of things; the visible world, then, is the imperfect and c hanging manifestation in this world of these unchanging forms. An example would be the Form or Idea of a horse is intelligible, and applies to all horses. This form or idea never changes, even though each horse may vary wildly individually, the form of a horse would never change even if all horses across the world were to disappear. An individual horse, on the other hand, is a physical changing object that can easily case to be a horse. Plato therefore describes these two worlds as existing with a line between them; the intelligible world and the visible world. He says that in the intelligible world one can have knowledge and in the visible world one can have opinion. He then further divides each of the worlds in two. The visible world he divides into illusion which is made up of â€Å"shadows† paintings, poetry, etc. and beliefs which is made up of things that can change, such as an individual horse. The intelligible world is then divided into the sub-categories of reason, w hich is things such as mathematics, and intelligence, which is the understanding of the ultimate good. Plato’s theory differs from Descartes and Freud’s in that he doesn’t attempt to apply it in any way, it is a simple method of grouping aspects of the world to further uncover the ultimate truth. Method of Doubt Descartes Method of